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Primitive data type - Wikipedia. In computer science, primitive data type is either of the following. Most languages allow more complicated composite types to be recursively constructed starting from basic types. In most programming languages, all basic data types are built- in. In addition, many languages also provide a set of composite data types. Opinions vary as to whether a built- in type that is not basic should be considered . However, one usually expects operations on basic primitive data types to be the fastest language constructs there are. This means that int is likely to be 3. Basic primitive types are almost always value types. Most languages do not allow the behavior or capabilities of primitive (either built- in or basic) data types to be modified by programs. Exceptions include Smalltalk, which permits all data types to be extended within a program, adding to the operations that can be performed on them or even redefining the built- in operations. Overview. For example, in C, strings are a composite but built- in data type, whereas in modern dialects of BASIC and in Java. Script, they are assimilated to a primitive data type that is both basic and built- in. Classic basic primitive types may include: Character (character, char); Integer (integer, int, short, long, byte) with a variety of precisions; Floating- point number (float, double, real, double precision); Fixed- point number (fixed) with a variety of precisions and a programmer- selected scale. JAVA PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE Description Not everything in Java is an object. The type float specifies a single-precision value that uses 32 bits of storage. The Java language provides eight primitive data types that define simple values a program can use. Floating point numbers are numbers that have a decimal point and as we saw in my previous post on floating point numbers, values of this type are stored in memory as a combination of a sign-bit. Boolean, logical values true and false. Reference (also called a pointer or handle), a small value referring to another object's address in memory, possibly a much larger one. More sophisticated types which can be built- in include: Tuple in ML, Python. List in Lisp. Complex number in Fortran, C (C9. Lisp, Python, Perl 6, DRational number in Lisp, Perl 6. Associative array in various guises, in Lisp, Perl, Python, Lua, DFirst- class function, closure, continuation in languages that support functional programming such as Lisp, ML, Perl 6, D and C# 3. Specific primitive data types. Integers may be either signed (allowing negative values) or unsigned (nonnegative values only). Typical sizes of integers are: Size (bytes)Size (bits)Names. Signed range. Unsigned range. Byte, octet, char. Most programming languages disallow use of commas for digit grouping, although Fortran (7. Perl, Ruby, Java, Julia and D allow embedded underscores for clarity (e. Negation is indicated by a minus sign (- ) before the value. Examples of integer literals are: Booleans. Although only one bit is necessary to accommodate the value set . Java, Pascal and Ada) implement booleans adhering to the concept of boolean as a distinct logical type. Languages, though, may implicitly convert booleans to numeric types at times to give extended semantics to booleans and boolean expressions or to achieve backwards compatibility with earlier versions of the language. In C++, e. g., boolean values may be implicitly converted to integers, according to the mapping false . The boolean type bool in C++ is considered an integral type and is a cross between numeric type and a logical type. Floating- point numbers. These numbers are stored internally in a format equivalent to scientific notation, typically in binary but sometimes in decimal. Because floating- point numbers have limited precision, only a subset of real or rational numbers are exactly representable; other numbers can be represented only approximately. Many languages have both a single precision (often called . Examples of floating- point literals are: 2. Some languages (e. Fortran, Python, D) also have a complex number type comprising two floating- point numbers: a real part and an imaginary part. Fixed- point numbers. These numbers are stored internally in a scaled- integer form, typically in binary but sometimes in decimal. Because fixed- point numbers have limited precision, only a subset of real or rational numbers are exactly representable; other numbers can be represented only approximately. Fixed- point numbers also tend to have a more limited range of values than floating point, and so the programmer must be careful to avoid overflow in intermediate calculations as well as the final results. Characters and strings. In C, char is defined as the smallest addressable unit of memory. On most systems, this is 8 bits; Several standards, such as POSIX, require it to be this size. Some languages have two or more character types, for example a single- byte type for ASCII characters and a multi- byte type for Unicode characters. The string data can include numbers and other numerical symbols but will be treated as text. Strings are implemented in various ways, depending on the programming language. The simplest way to implement strings is to create them as an array of characters, followed by a delimiting character used to signal the end of the string, usually NUL. These are referred to as null- terminated strings, and are usually found in languages with a low amount of hardware abstraction, such as C and Assembly. While easy to implement, null terminated strings have been criticized for causing buffer overflows. Most high- level scripting languages, such as Python, Ruby, and many dialects of BASIC, have no separate character type; strings with a length of one are normally used to represent single characters. Some languages, such as C++ and Java, have the capability to use null- terminated strings (usually for backwards- compatibility measures), but additionally provide their own class for string handling (std: :string and java. String, respectively) in the standard library. There is also a difference on whether or not strings are mutable or immutable in a language. Mutable strings may be altered after their creation, whereas immutable strings maintain a constant size and content. In the latter, the only way to alter strings are to create new ones. There are both advantages and disadvantages to each approach: although immutable strings are much less flexible, they are simpler and completely thread- safe. Some examples of languages that use mutable strings include C++, Perl, and Ruby, whereas languages that do not include Java. Script, Lua, and Go. A few languages, such as Objective- C, provide different types for mutable and immutable strings. Literals for characters and strings are usually surrounded by quotation marks: sometimes, single quotes (') are used for characters and double quotes (. Attempting to store a number outside the range may lead to compiler/runtime errors, or to incorrect calculations (due to truncation) depending on the language being used. The range of a variable is based on the number of bytes used to save the value, and an integer data type is usually able to store 2n. For other data types (e. There are also some types that do not use entire bytes, e. Some programming languages (such as Ada and Pascal) also allow the opposite direction, that is, the programmer defines the range and precision needed to solve a given problem and the compiler chooses the most appropriate integer or floating point type automatically. Types, Values, and Variables. Chapter 4. Types, Values, and Variables. The Java programming language is. Strong. static typing helps detect errors at compile time. The. primitive types (. The numeric types are the integral types byte. The reference types (. There is also a. special null type. The values of a reference type are references to objects. All. objects, including arrays, support the methods of class Object. String literals are represented by. String objects (. The Kinds of Types and Values. There are. two kinds of types in the Java programming language: primitive types. There are, correspondingly, two kinds of. Primitive Types and Values. A primitive. type is predefined by the Java programming language and named by its reserved keyword. Integral Types and Values. The. values of the integral types are integers in the following. For. byte, from - 1. For. short, from - 3. For. int, from - 2. For. long, from - 9. For. char, from '\u. Integer Operations. The Java programming language provides a. The comparison. operators, which result in a value of type boolean. The numerical. comparison operators < , < =. If the other operand is not long, it is first widened. If either operand is not an int, it is first widened to type. There are no casts. Integer Operations. Test . The first multiplication is performed in 3. The. value - 7. 27. Floating- Point Types, Formats, and Values. The. floating- point types are float and double, which are conceptually. IEEE 7. 54 values and operations as specified. IEEE Standard for Binary Floating- Point. Arithmetic, ANSI/IEEE Standard 7. IEEE, New. York). A Na. N value is used to represent the result of. Na. N. constants of both float and double type are predefined. Float. Na. N. and Double. Na. N. In. addition, an implementation of the Java programming language may support either or. These. extended- exponent value sets may, under certain circumstances, be used. Some values can be represented in this. K- 1, one. could halve m and increase e. A representation in this form is. If a. value in a value set cannot be represented in such a way. Floating- point value set parameters. Parameterfloatfloat- extended- exponentdoubledouble- extended- exponent. N2. 42. 45. 35. 3K8. Likewise, each. element of the double value set is necessarily also an element of the. Each extended- exponent value set. The elements of the double value set are exactly the. IEEE 7. 54 standard. Note, however, that the elements of. IEEE 7. 54 single extended and double extended. It is always correct for an implementation. Java programming language to use an element of the float value set to. Similarly, it is always. While each hardware architecture returns a. Na. N when a new Na. N is generated, a. Na. Ns with different bit patterns to encode. The. interested reader is referred to the specifications for the Float. Double classes for more information. But other operations can. Floating- Point Operations. The Java programming language provides a. The comparison. operators, which result in a value of type boolean. The numerical. comparison operators < , < =. If the other operand is not a double, it is first. There are no casts. In particular, the Java programming language. IEEE 7. 54 denormalized. Floating- point operations do not . Inexact results must be rounded. This is the IEEE 7. Rounding toward zero chooses at its result the. Floating- point Operations. Test . The boolean Type and boolean Values. The. boolean type represents a logical quantity with two possible values. No other. casts on type boolean are allowed. Reference Types and Values. There. are four kinds of reference types. Identifier. Type. Name: Identifier. Type. Name . Identifier. Type. Variable: Identifier. Array. Type: Type . If. type arguments appear anywhere in a class or interface type. In the latter case, the specifier has the. T. id, where id must be the. The specifier. denotes that member type. Such contexts do not involve the use of raw types. Rather, they are contexts where type. As another example, invocation of a static method of a. A type name is always. In some cases, this is. Object Creation. class Point ? Most objects have state, stored. If two variables. Primitive and Reference Identity. Value . It can be used, for example, to. When Reference Types Are the Same. Two. reference types are the same compile- time type if. These types may or may not. Even if two such types do. If no bound is. declared for a type variable, Object is assumed. If a bound is. declared, it consists of either. T, or. a. class or interface type T possibly followed by interface types. I1& .. In is a class type. Members of a Type Variable. Type. Var. Members. C . The members of. Hence m. I is a member. CT and of T. Among the. C, all but m. CPrivate. CT, and are therefore members of. CT and T. That is, for each bound type Si in Bi, Ti. Si. The type argument list denotes a. It must be. the case that, after P is subjected to capture conversion. For example, if a. C has a generic member class. D< T> , then C. D< Object> is a. And if a generic class C< T> has. D, then the member type. C< String>. D is a parameterized type, even. D is not generic. Type Arguments and Wildcards. Type. arguments may be either reference types or wildcards. Wildcards are. useful in situations where only partial knowledge about the type. Wildcard. Boundsopt. Wildcard. Bounds: extends Reference. Typesuper Reference. Type. Example 4. 5. Wildcards. import java. Collection. import java. Array. List. class Test . In contrast, the use of an unbounded wildcard allows any. An upper bound is signified by the following syntax. B is the bound. ? Consequently, it is. B is a lower bound. Bounded Wildcardsboolean add. All(Collection< ? A natural tendency would be to use. Collection< E> as the type. An. alternative would be to declare the method itself to be. T> boolean add. All(Collection< T> c)This version is sufficiently flexible, but note that. This reflects. the fact that the type parameter is not being used to express any kind. In the absence of such interdependency. Wildcards are a restricted form of existential types. Given a. generic type declaration G< Textends. B>. G< ?> is roughly analogous to Some X< :B. Readers interested in a. On. Variance- Based Subtyping for Parametric Types by Atsushi. Igarashi and Mirko Viroli, in the. Proceedings of the 1. European Conference on Object. Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2. This work itself builds. Kresten Thorup and Mads Torgersen. Unifying Genericity, ECOOP 9. Pierre America's work on POOL (OOPSLA 8. For a formal account of wildcards, see Wild. FJ by Mads Torgersen, Erik Ernst and Christian Plesner. Hansen, in the 1. Foundations of Object Oriented. Programming (FOOL 2. Members and Constructors of Parameterized Types. Let C be. a generic class or interface declaration with type parameters. A1..,An, and let C< T1..,Tn> be an. C, where, for 1 . Then. Let m be a member or. Let. D< U1..,Uk> be the supertype of. C< T1..,Tn> that corresponds to D. Then the. type of D in C< T1..,Tn> is D where, if. D is generic, all type arguments are unbounded wildcards. The erasure. mapping is defined as follows. The. erasure of a parameterized type (. The erasure of a constructor or method. Types that are completely available at run time are known. The type. X< ?>. Y< Object> is not. Y< Object> is not. In a naive sense, the. The Java programming language, per se, is compatible with earlier. However, this notion, which. Real programs (even trivial ones, such as . In. practice, then, the minimum requirement is platform compatibility - . Java SE platform. For example, rather than modify the existing. Collections hierarchy in java. Collections are used to exchange data. Libraries. that are dependent on other vendors code cannot be modified to use. If two modules are. Therefore, the design of the generic type. Migration. compatibiliy allows the evolution of existing code to take advantage. Such a type is called a raw. If Outer is raw. Inner must be treated as raw as well, as there is. T. Inherited type members that depend on type variables will. There is no practical justification for this half- baked. In legacy code, no type arguments are used. In non- legacy code. Member accesses for the class. In the constructor of the class, calls to. The use of raw. types in code written after the introduction of generics into the. Java programming language is strongly discouraged. It is possible that future. Java programming language will disallow the use of raw types. The rules for compile- time unchecked warnings when. At an. assignment to a field: if the type of the left- hand operand is a. For. example, the library declares a generic class Foo< T. String> that has a field f of. Vector< T> , but the consumer assigns a. Foo. That is, the subtyping rules. For example, a method of the library has the. Vector, but the consumer assigns. Vector< String>. This is unsafe, since. String. but is still permitted using unchecked conversion in order to enable. The warning from unchecked conversion. Raw Types. class Cell< E> . Raw Types and Inheritance. Non. Generic . However, the type Raw. Members. inherits iterator() from. Collection< String> , which means that the. Iterator< String>. Iterator. Both are. Raw types can be thought of as wildcards. Historically, raw types preceded wildcards; they. GJ, and described in the. Making the future safe for the past: Adding. Genericity to the Java Programming Language by Gilad. Bracha, Martin Odersky, David Stoutamire, and Philip Wadler, in. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Object- Oriented. Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA. October 1. 99. 8. It is not possible. Then. there must be some Tk< :Ck such that Ck< :Ci for any i (1 . Every type. variable bound induces an intersection type. This intersection type is. The form of a bound. However, capture. We write S: > T to indicate that the supertype. S and T. We write T< :S to indicate that that the subtype relation holds between. T and S. Subtyping among Primitive Types. |
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